<hdr>The World Factbook 1994: Pacific Ocean<nl>Geography</hdr><body>
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<item><hi format=bold>Location:</hi> body of water between the Western Hemisphere, Asia, and Australia
<item><hi format=bold>Area:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>total area:</hi> 165.384 million sq km
<item>• <hi format=ital>comparative area:</hi> about 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the world
<item>• <hi format=ital>note:</hi> includes Bali Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Savu Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies
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<item><hi format=bold>Coastline:</hi> 135,663 km
<item><hi format=bold>International disputes:</hi> some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
<item><hi format=bold>Climate:</hi> the western Pacific is monsoonal—a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land mass back to the ocean
<item><hi format=bold>Terrain:</hi> surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated by a clockwise, warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in the northern Pacific sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the world's deepest, the 10,924 meter Marianas Trench
<item><hi format=bold>Natural resources:</hi> oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
<item><hi format=bold>Environment:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>current issues:</hi> endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea
<item>• <hi format=ital>natural hazards:</hi> surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica; occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently, the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine birds to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source
<item>• <hi format=ital>international agreements:</hi> NA
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<item><hi format=bold>Note:</hi> the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme south from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June to December is a hazard to shipping; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean
